5/26/2023 0 Comments Upper volta on a mapHowever, the palm grove might have varied its distribution, density, extension and layout during the last glacial period (117,000–11,000 years ago), accompanying glacioeustatic and climatic variations, that is, retreating to refuges and riparian hills during maximum cooling while expanding during warmer and more-humid interstadials on substrates generated by the transgressive–regressive cycles. These events have been dated to some 30,000 and 110,000 years before present, which could be assumed as maximum ages, at least for its present distribution in Uruguay. On the other hand, the present distribution of butia palm groves in Uruguayan territory is associated mostly with the mid plains linked to Pleistocene transgressive deposits in which the sea would have reached 10 (Castillos palm grove) and 20 (San Luis palm grove) metres above its current level. However, this chronology could be accepted as a minimum age, as we lack older paleoenvironmental records that could provide new evidence. The earliest records in eastern Uruguay date back to the Upper Pleistocene, some 30,000 years before present. Specifically, we consider the variation in sea level, changes in the water network, vegetation and fauna, the effects of fire, the construction of mounds, subsistence activities, the main changes that have occurred during colonisation and the impact of modern production systems, as well as the diversity of ways of inhabiting the landscape and the material and immaterial legacies.Īlthough its age is still unknown, the butia palm grove has been present in the region since long before the arrival of the first human settlers. We pay special attention to the main biophysical and cultural elements concerning climatic changes and the diversity of anthropic actions throughout history. The historical periods chosen for this analysis are somewhat arbitrary this decision aims to show the main elements that define the landscape, from the Upper Pleistocene to the present. This review aims at developing an integrated narrative that considers environmental, sociocultural, agronomic, economic and symbolic elements, showing the landscape’s historical change. The methodology involves a scoping literature review for recovering and synthesising indexed publications and grey literature. The local identity is strongly linked to the butia culture through artistic expressions and local symbolism. This landscape ( Figure 2), marked by the presence of the butia palm grove, consists of diverse agroecosystems located on private land used for agriculture and livestock activities. They are found mostly in natural grasslands and form diverse environments according to the type of surrounding vegetation and land use. This palm grove has varying palm densities-from a few dozens to more than 500 palms per hectare. It is found in the mid plains of the Bañados del Este Biosphere Reserve and forms part of the Bañados del Este Ramsar site. In Uruguay, two large palm grove territories stand out in the Department of Rocha, in Castillos and San Luis, which extend approximately 70,000 hectares ( Figure 1). Rodr.) Noblick, locally called ‘butia palm grove’, is distributed in the Pampa biome, in the southeast of Brazil and Uruguay, which is the southernmost of the genus. Some of these species form clusters of individuals called palm groves, palmares or butiazais. Palms of the Butia genus occur in Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, a region where the 24 species of this genus of the Arecaceae family are distributed.
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